Last month, open authentication standards reached an important milestone; Microsoft launched support for FIDO2 and CTAP, and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) won approval for WebAuthn. Since then, Yubico has received questions on how these efforts are related, what role FIDO U2F and Yubico have in the mix, and what organizations can implement now — and in the future — to enable simple, strong authentication for employees and end-users. This blog will bring some clarity to those questions.
What is the difference between FIDO U2F and FIDO2?
U2F was developed by Yubico and Google, and contributed to the FIDO Alliance after it was successfully deployed for Google employees. The protocol is designed to act as a second factor to strengthen existing username/password-based login flows. It’s built on Yubico’s invention of a scalable public-key model in which a new key pair is generated for each service and an unlimited number of services can be supported, all while maintaining full separation between them to preserve privacy.
Essentially, FIDO2 is the passwordless evolution of FIDO U2F. The overall objective for FIDO2 is to provide an extended set of functionality to cover additional use-cases, with the main driver being passwordless login flows. The U2F model is still the basis for FIDO2 and compatibility for existing U2F deployments is provided in the FIDO2 specs.
What is WebAuthn & CTAP?
A new, extensible web authentication API, called Webauthn, has been developed within W3C, which supports both existing FIDO U2F and upcoming FIDO2 credentials.
The FIDO U2F client-side protocol has been renamed CTAP1, and a new, extensible client-to-authenticator protocol (CTAP2) has been developed to allow for external authenticators (tokens, phones, smart cards etc.) to interface with FIDO2-enabled browsers and Operating Systems
WebAuthn and CTAP2 are both required to deliver the FIDO2 passwordless login experience, but WebAuthn still supports FIDO U2F authenticators, since CTAP1 is also part of the WebAuthn specification.
How can organizations deploy FIDO2?
So, what can organizations do if they are aiming to provide support for FIDO2? We recommend making support for WebAuthn as it works with existing FIDO U2F authenticators and also FIDO 2 authenticators.
Mozilla Firefox 60 recently added support for WebAuthn, Chrome 67 will be shipping with WebAuthn support in the near future, and Microsoft has already announced they will support WebAuthn in Edge browsers. The U2F web API continues to work for U2F authenticators, but is limited to the Chrome and Opera browsers.
To evaluate WebAuthn with FIDO U2F and FIDO2 authenticators today, Yubico offers a test service at demo.yubico.com/webauthn, and soon we will provide more complete open source FIDO2 servers on GitHub. Organizations can sign up for updates from the Yubico Developer Program to get information on FIDO2 and WebAuthn resources.
So, what’s our role in all of this?
From Yubico’s perspective, we’re proud and pleased to see our vision of one single security key to any number of services become a reality. We’ve watched this vision progress from our launch of the first YubiKey in 2008, to early U2F development in 2011, to the launch of FIDO2 in 2018.
With WebAuthn providing a seamless evolution from U2F to FIDO2, and with upcoming support for built-in authenticators and additional use-cases, WebAuthn becomes the center of a ubiquitous ecosystem for authentication.
Our mission has always been to drive standards and adoption by providing technical specifications, open source components, and developer tools; and to be the gold standard for authenticators. With the open standards ecosystem growing, we see the vision of providing strong authentication for everyone coming true.
Interested in exploring FIDO2 and passwordless login? Get started today with the Security Key by Yubico.